The most perfect education, in my opinion, is such an exercise of the understanding as is best calculated to strengthen the body and form the heart. Mary Wollstonecraft Quotes. In 1786, Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a short tract entitled Thoughts on the Education of Daughters but it was the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 that brought Mary into the public eye. Her writing began in 1787 with the pamphlet Thoughts on the Education of He also drank a lot and beat his wife. Wollstonecraft thus, feels the way of combining private and public education to avoid two extremes equally injurious to morality. Wollstonecraft, Mary (1993) Political Writings: A Vindication of the Rights of Men; A Vindication of the Rights of Woman; and An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, ed. She argues that women's education ought to match their position in society, and that they are essential to the nation because they raise its children and could act as respected "companions" to their husbands. After that, in 1786, Yale hosted a graduation debate and the College also inspired a group of optimistic poets known as the "Connecticut Wits." She stressed that a woman’s education should shape body, mind, and emotions, eventually leading to a sense of independence. Before the "Vindication of the Rights of Woman," Wollstonecraft mostly wrote about the education of children. This was Rousseau’s opinion respecting men: I extend it to women. Enjoy the best Mary Wollstonecraft Quotes at BrainyQuote. Wollstonecraft explains that she’s inspired to write out of “affection for the whole human race,” because she wants to see women in a position to advance humanity’s progress in virtue, not to slow it down. This world-view was acknowledged by all progressive thinkers of the time. The premises that Rousseau made to support his conclusion was that children should continue being children before they grow up or else they would be “unripe and tasteless” (Rousseau 2). Wollstonecraft argued that education can reform the life of women, shape her home and world. Mary Wollstonecraft’s theories on education go further than Rousseau’s, not only because they are extended to women but because she introduces the idea of co-education. Wollstonecraft on Education research papers discuss the views of Mary Wolstonecraft on educational theory. Mary Wollstonecraft: A new genus. ... “The management of the temper, the first, and most important branch of education, requires the sober steady eye of reason. Mary Wollstonecraft was furious about this and maintained that ‘This is the very point I aim at. For Wollstonecraft education is very important for women as it will help them strengthen their mind and help them become a better mothers and wife`s. Education is not prelude to the 'real business'; it is the real business itself. Writing from within the tradition of moral education which is committed to control over the passions, Wollstonecraft is often thought of as troubled, even disgusted, by the body and the burden of sexual difference — hence her ready appropriation of the Enlightenment discourse of masculinist reason. Copyright © 2020 IPL.org All rights reserved. From Confucius to Dewey, London: Routledge. Mary Wollstonecraft concept of education for women In order to support herself financially, Wollstonecraft held a brief and unhappy post as a governess in County Cork, Ireland, before deciding against social protocol to become an author. London: Little, Brown. Her family was economically well-off until her father threw away the entire family fortune. The education system that is exercised and practiced currently does not utilize the idea of naturalization. (1999) Mary Wollstonecraft, Northcote House Educational Publishers. His logical appeal does a good job making the reader understand why there should be no more segregation by explaining why there is no reason to segregate, especially after how long and rough it has been. Through the exercise of reason we became moral and political agents. In other words, education shouldn’t just be concerned with one’s employment or station in life, but with training one’s soul with an eye toward eternity. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is more often than not regarded as a purely political treatise. Soon after Mary Wollstonecraft’s book came out, Tom Paine wrote his classic The Rights of Man. Gender as a Wild Card in Theories of Human Nature Mary Astell and Mary Wollstonecraft on Education for Women. Her daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, was a noted writer best known for the novel Frankenstein. However, like Plato’s Republic and Rousseau’s Emile, it can be seen as both a political and an educational treatise. With her school gone and her governess job on the brink, Wollstonecraft was in dire need of income. Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer for women. Not only did she argue for women’s equality with men in education but she also called for their equality within the law as well as their right to parliamentary representation. Wollstonecraft, an avid supporter of equal education, begins her vindication with the same Enlightenment ideals being kept from young women and girls. Children are viewed as pure and full of potential, they are the future, so when he gives testimonies that their finical status already limits one child at such a young age concerns his audience because of the lost potential. Furthermore, Wollstonecraft argues that a large part of training in virtue is having opportunities to struggle with adversity oneself. So, Wollstonecraft’s life has determined her fight for women’s rights. 12/22/2014 2:00 PM (Due) In addition to this, the work examined the first reactions of readers to the Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Before the "Vindication of the Rights of Woman," Wollstonecraft mostly wrote about the education of children. For Wollstonecraft, lack of education was the cause of all feminine misery, and since women were denied the opportunity to expand their mental activities in many cases, they could never attain virtue. Education has changed the life of women from being dependent to independent but the culture and tradition, and the mindset of people still restraints women from their right to education while subjecting them to inferior sex, domestic violence and gender discrimination. Education was critically important to Wollstonecraft both as a liberal reformer and as a radical theorist and proponent of women’s rights. As is well known, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was later to marry the poet Shelley and as Mary Shelley, became famous as the author of the great gothic novel Frankenstein. Retrieved: insert date], Last Updated on December 19, 2020 by infed.org, Robert A. On reading it, Mary Wollstonecraft decided to respond writing A Vindication of the Rights of Man – a defence of the Revolution and its principles. Wollstonecraft, Mary (1994) Maria or the Wrongs of Woman, New York: Norton. Wollstonecraft, A Voice for Women’s Education. I do not wish them to have power over men but over themselves’. (ed.) Katherine Pepper-Smith - 1992. Education was critically important to Wollstonecraft both as a liberal reformer and as a radical theorist and proponent of women’s rights. The opening paragraph of herThoughts on the Education of Daughters speaks of the duty… Quotations by Mary Wollstonecraft, British Writer, Born April 27, 1759. Band 8. For Mary Wollstonecraft, rationality or reason formed the basis of our human rights as it was our ability to grasp truth and therefore acquire knowledge of right and wrong that separated us, as human beings, from the animal world. Classical education in girls-only schools had various advantages such as providing equal education, promoting self-empowerment, and avoiding supports of gender stereotypes. People should think-out-of-the-box and take great precautions especially the parents, to let their children separate reality from mere fantasy. The majority of Wollstonecraft’s early works focus on education. By the end of her life, Wollstonecraft had been involved in almost every arena of education: she had been a governess, a teacher, a children's writer, and a pedagogical theorist. Wollstonecraft's preferred education was "wholesome," in that both the body and mind would be enlivened and strengthened by study and attainment of knowledge. She was especially critical of a society that encouraged women to be "docile and attentive to their looks to the exclusion of all else." Wollstonecraft maintains that women are … Sourced from Wikmedia Commons. Woods: Settlements, neighbourhoods and associations, Mary Wollstonecraft on national education, new: Ruth Kotinsky on education and lifelong learning, http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/wollstonecraft/woman-contents.html, https://infed.org/mobi/mary-wollstonecraft-on-education, Social action, social change and social reform. 16. Although Wollstonecraft’s thinking was a head of her time, it reflected philosophies of the Enlightenment, which championed the power of education, … Five years after the book was published and shortly after her marriage to William Godwin, Mary died giving birth to a baby daughter – Mary. Taylor, B. Johnson published works by Joseph Priestley and poets William Cowper and William Wordsworth, too. Essentially family members were all regarded as rational beings and children should be able to judge their parents like anyone else. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman covered a wide range of topics relating to the condition of women. 15. Supporters of the Revolution were viewed as dangerous subversives and were attacked at every opportunity. Most of her works deal with education in some way. For Wollstonecraft, education served to foster proper reasoning, and in this, education served as a critical component in each person's development as a human being and a member of society. What we wish our children to become is what we should strive to be before them. He was known as a visionary entrepreneur who backed a number of unknowns including the poet-printmaker William Blake. This did not last long and she finally became a governess to the children of an aristocratic family on their estate in Ireland. how to cite this article. As Jane Roland Martin has commented in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries reformers looked to coeducational schooling – and it became a ‘fact of life’ for many millions of people. Wollstonecraft is of the opinion that children should be send to schools during the day and return home to. Mary Wollstonecraft, writer of the influential “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,” responded to a French proposal to educate girls only up the the age of eight, when they … Wollstonecraft's views and theories on the subjugation that confronted women in her time, than exposes the alteration made by this woman in different fields to serve women, understanding them in deep investigation. Wollstonecraft’s radical idea that the education of men and women should be conducted together did stand out in shaping and mapping the educational path for women. Her father uprooted the family on a number of occasions and during her formative years Mary Wollstonecraft was to find herself in Epping, Barking, Beverley in Yorkshire, back to East London in Hoxton and then out again to Wales. Wollstonecraft emphasized the value of education for women, but she called for something more than opportunities to learn needle work and social graces. Apparently, kids may not pay adequate attention to their parent’s teachings, but they can very well reproduce parent’s characters faithfully. In proposing the same type of education for girls as that proposed for boys, Mary Wollstonecraft also went a step further and proposed that they be educated together which was even more radical than anything proposed before. ): Haufe-Schriftenreihe zur rechtswissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung. This, in turn, was another short appointment and in 1787, Mary Wollstonecraft finally came back to London and settled in George Street just south of Blackfriars Bridge. ', and 'The beginning is always today.' Beyond the general philosophy of the piece itself, Wollstonecraft also develops an article plan for national education reform in opposition to Talleyrand’s plan for France. Mary Wollstonecraft, an English writer, philosopher, and a passionate advocate of educational and social equality of women. Wollstonecraft hoped that a co-mingled educational system where boys and girls were taught together in elementary school would instill respect. Her work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, was released in 1792, and is now recognized as a landmark treatise on women's rights.Its notion that culture rather than nature is the determiner of much gender difference foreshadows later feminist theory, and some aspects of environmental psychology as well. A. Palmer (ed.) She led the way for feminists and her book is a classic that still inspires many today. It also argues that women were not naturally inferior, but that they had been forced into a kind of slavery, whether it be to marriage or to virtue, that had systematically made them weak and unintelligent. Mary Wollstonecraft & Millicent Garrett Fawcett - 1891 - T.F. Incorporating self-discipline, honesty, social content and others in education were her opinions. — Mary Wollstonecraft. She described the process by which parents brought their daughters up to be docile and domesticated. Unwin. Acknowledgements: Picture: Mary Wollstonecraft – frontispiece of Memoirs of the author of A vindication of the rights of woman, William Godwin, 2d ed. Wollstonecraft explains that she’s inspired to write out of “affection for the whole human race,” because she wants to see women in a position to advance humanity’s progress in virtue, not to slow it down. Mary Wollstonecraft had written earlier pieces on the education of girls and young women, but this was significant both for its concern with equity for girls and young women – and for its advocacy of mixed day schooling: This, however, can be done only when children are exposed to society and not simply with their parents alone. In the third para, Wollstonecraft asserts the importance of abstraction and generalization--implicit in these claims is the importance of pattern recognition. The inequality of women and men was promoted by her culture and she countered it by asserting their equality of rationality and virtue. In the third para, Wollstonecraft asserts the importance of abstraction and generalization--implicit in these claims is the importance of pattern recognition. Mary Wollstonecraft argues that women are entitled to an education consistent with their position in society, the role they are expected to play became even more critical to the nation. James Heath (1757–1834), engraved from the painting of John Opie (1761–1807). Thus, Wollstonecraft feels that parents, namely fathers should be friendly to their children instead of being tyrant towards them. Thesereveal the profound influence John Locke had on Wollstonecraft'sthought, and several of the arguments of his Some ThoughtsConcerning Education (1693) are echoed in Wollstonecraft'sconception of morality and the best manner to inculcate it inindividuals at the earliest possible age. Tomalin, C. (1992) The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft, London: Penguin Books. Note: Chapter 12 ‘On National Education’ from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is available in the informal education archives. It was fashionable to contend that if women were educated and not docile creatures, they would lose any power they had over their husbands. ', 'My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their fascinating graces, and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to stand alone. Reaction in this country from the wealthy aristocracy and their followers was vitriolic. She had a picture of an ideal family where the babies were nourished by an intelligent mother and not sent away to nurses and then to boarding school and fathers were friends to their children rather than tyrants. The problem is that ‘this great historical developme… (2011). Mary Wollstonecraft was born on April 27th, 1759, in Spitalfields (London). The majority of Wollstonecraft’s early works focus on education. Accordingly, for Wollstonecraft bringing up a child only at home also would make the child imperious and spoiled, as well as vain and effeminate. For Wollstonecraft, reason is essential for development of virtuous nature, and comes from the education. And most of all, girls must be educated with boys. The Cambridge companion to Mary Wollstonecraft. Wollstonecraft argued that education can reform the life of women, shape her home and world. Oxford Review of Education: Vol. She maintained that ‘meek wives are, in general, foolish mothers’. He also believed that physical exercise was an important part of education and incorporated time for what he termed “walk or work” into the daily routine at the school. A woman must be intelligent in her own right, she argued. She set about arguing against the assumption that women were not rational creatures and were simply slaves to their passions. He distributed materials for Unitarians. Martin, J. R. (2001) ‘Mary Wollstonecraft’ in J. Wollstonecraft also argued for the right of women to be educated, since they were primarily responsible for the education of the young. Falco, M. J. Her publisher friend Joseph Johnson gave her an advance on a book about girls' education. 221 quotes from Mary Wollstonecraft: 'I do not wish them [women] to have power over men; but over themselves. Mary Wollstonecraft, English writer and passionate advocate of educational and social equality for women. Wollstonecraft emphasized the value of education for women, but she called for something more than opportunities to learn needle work and social graces. Feminism is defined as a collection of movements in order to define, establish and defend the political, economic, and social rights of women. Because, it should be the parents’ duty to open their children’s minds and say that life does not always have that “happily ever after” ending. While talking about schools, Wollstonecraft disapproves boarding-schools calling them “hot- beds of vice and folly.” Boarding schools are strict and tend to mould students in every way. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who believed that women should not receive a rational education. She maintained that if girls were encouraged from an early age to develop their minds, it would be seen that they were rational creatures and there was no reason whatsoever for them not to be given the same opportunities as boys with regard to education and training. In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft produced A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. How to cite this article: Burke, B. He uses children because they are young and innocent and having to live such a rough life. Wollstonecraft believed that women had the capacity to do greater things than homemaking. Übersetzt von Jutta Schlösser). Mary Wollstonecraft argued that it was up to those who thought like this to prove it. Women could enter the professions and have careers just the same as men. It is above all a celebration of the rationality of women. The two taxonomies are power distance and individualism vs collectivism. Her own woman: The life of Mary Wollstonecraft. They benefit from the tales we tell them over dinner or bed time. It constitutes an attack on the view of female education put forward by Rousseau and countless others who regarded women as weak and artificial and not capable of reasoning effectively. “Only that education deserves emphatically to be termed cultivation of the mind which teaches young people how to begin to think.” — Mary Wollstonecraft. John Trumbull published America's first epic poem called M'Fingal. Mary Wollstonecraft on Rousseau's Writing of Women Mary Wollstonecraft addresses some of the points Rousseau made about women in " Vindication of the Rights of Woman " and other writings in which she asserts that women are logical and can benefit from education. In this chapter we will be discussing Wollstonecraft concept of education for women. Society always looks at women with a special eye, which is not the case for men. Rousseau begins his argument in the first paragraph by stating that “education is to make a reasoning man” (Rousseau 1) and should only give children the opportunity to develop their own abilities and to help defend them from the influences of society, not to reason to the point where they find fault in everything that is being said to them. “The divine right of husbands, like the divine right of kings, may, it is hoped, in this enlightened age, be contested without danger.” — Mary Wollstonecraft . The result, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters , was an early foreshadowing of themes Wollstonecraft would develop later in the Vindication , her most famous work. Cambridge companions to literature. 23 of the best book quotes from Mary Wollstonecraft #1 “Let woman share the rights and she will emulate the virtues of man. The problem is that ‘this great historical development turned out to be a carrier of old inequities and the creator of new problems for women’ (2001: 71-2). She stressed that a woman’s education should shape body, mind, and emotions, eventually leading to a sense of independence. Hilary Clinton, Sonia … The hard job children face today is learning good manners without seeing one. Hewlett’s suggestion turned out to be a lifeline because, as Wollsto… The title gives away the main theme of this essay: in it, Mary Wollstonecraft focuses on women's rights, arguing that women should be allowed to … cit.). It was a significant milestone in the arguments around women’s rights and has since become a feminist classic. 603-617. Like Wollstonecraft, Wesley believed that children should be taught classical and modern languages, reading, writing, arithmetic, rhetoric, history, logic, and science. Education is not prelude to the 'real business'; it is the real business itself. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97) was born in Spitalfields in 1759. Hewlett encouraged Wollstonecraft to write a pamphlet on education and submit it to Joseph Johnson, the radical publisher and bookseller with a shop at St. Paul’s Churchyard. Mary Wollstonecraft rejected the education in dependency that Rousseau advocated for them in Emile. Mary Wollstonecraft is considered to be one of the first European feminists. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman covered a wide range of topics relating to the condition of women. Wollstonecraft later developed her ideas in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (also reissued in this series), in which she attacked the educational restrictions imposed upon women. In contrast, children in low power-distances will find a loop or exploitation in their parents’ orders and will seek reasoning or questioning behind a particular task. 14. Children should be encouraged to expand their faculties and think for themselves, and this can be done by putting children together and by educating them on the same subjects. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. Not only is it necessary to ensure that coeducation is ‘girl and women friendly’ it is also necessary to design education for both sexes that ‘incorporates the virtues of rationality and self-governance that Rousseau attributed to men and also the virtue of patience and gentleness, zeal and affection, tenderness and care that he attributed to women’ (op. Miller, C. (1999) Mary Wollstonecraft and the Rights of Women, Morgan Reynolds. Education should be democratic, evinced in the participation of parents and a trial by peers for misbehaving children. Her writings formed a cornerstone of the battle for women's rights in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Wollstonecraft also discusses many other complex ethical issues about the role of women in society, but this reading focuses mainly on the relationship between education, liberty, virtue and gender. Her experiences lead her to attack traditional teaching methods and suggested new topics of study in Thoughts on the Education of Girls. In a similar situation, teacher would have power over the distance in high power-distances. In "Vindication," though, she framed this responsibility as a primary role for women, distinct from men. Against her brother Ned, who is sent to a good school where he received a full education. US History: Single Sex Girls’ Schools in the 1800s The book, published in 1790, was not particularly well written although it became very popular and made her name known. “My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their … Wollstonecraft believes that private education is very confined and limited to the child’s mental development. As usual in the 18th century, she receives a minimum of instruction: she is sent to a school where she learned only to read and write. He was known as a visionary entrepreneur who backed a number of unknowns including the poet-printmaker William Blake. Mary Wollstonecraft was a writer and philosopher, the mother of Frankenstein author Mary Shelley, and one of the earliest feminist writers.Her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, is one of the most important documents in the history of women's rights. He was known as a visionary entrepreneur who backed a number of unknowns including the poet‐ printmaker William Blake. Part 2, pp. She argued that women would be better wives and mothers if educated and contribute positively to the nation. In her chapter on “National Education” in A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft argues that, “Society can only be happy and free in proportion as it is virtuous’ but in the present distinctions, established in society, corrode all private, and blast all public virtue.” Wollstonecraft's preferred education was "wholesome," in that both the body and mind would be enlivened and strengthened by study and attainment of knowledge. Instead, true learning is gaining the ability to think for yourself and become an active, virtuous person. According to Wollstonecraft, It was translated into French almost immediately and brought Mary Wollstonecraft fame not only in this country but also on the continent and in the United States. As Jane Roland Martin has commented in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries reformers looked to coeducational schooling – and it became a ‘fact of life’ for many millions of people. Wollstonecraft, Mary (1993) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, London: Penguin. By denying females an education, men of Wollstonecraft's time were naturally taught to see women as lesser beings, and, as a result, treated them as mere sexual property to be used and tossed aside at will. First of all, power distance is described as the state where a “culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally” and one should not question those in power. Or, in other words, to enable the individual to attain such habits of virtue as will render it independent. Indeed, if they already educate children, instead of being relegated to the function of “wives” living in the shadow of their husbands, they could become true “companions.” Kelly, G. (1995) Revolutionary Feminism: The Mind and Career of Mary Wollstonecraft, New York: St. Martin’s. In the book Wollstonecraft attacked the educational restrictions that kept women in a state of "ignorance and slavish dependence." Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. In 1784, at the age of 24 Mary Wollstonecraft opened up her own school for girls at Newington Green. Hewlett encouraged Wollstonecraft to write a pamphlet on education and submit it to Joseph Johnson, the radical publisher and bookseller with a shop at St. Paul’s Churchyard. Education was necessary for women, and through moral education women would acquire virtue, knowledge and honesty. Wollstonecraft also argued for the right of women to be educated, since they were primarily responsible for the education of the young. Hewlett encouraged Wollstonecraft to write a pamphlet on education and submit it to Joseph Johnson, the radical publisher and bookseller with a shop at St. Paul’s Churchyard. At the beginning, American culture mainly followed the European style. The picture of the cover of ‘Vindication’ was sourced from Wikimedia Commons and believed to be in the public domain. Thoughts on the Education of Daughters: In 1787, Mary released her first work. Full electronic text: http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/wollstonecraft/woman-contents.html. Education has changed the life of women from being dependent to independent but the culture and tradition, and the mindset of people still restraints women from their right to education while subjecting them to inferior sex, domestic violence and gender discrimination. Consequently her writings are a critique on most writings of the 'Enlightenment age', however, this article will take a look at Wollstonecraft's critique on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theories and in particular ideas on education and female's devote society. Mary Wollstonecraft was born in London in 1759. By 1777, the United States declared it a nation and carried out the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Education Theory. She cannot assume that her husband will be intelligent! Overall, King’s letter is very persuasive. Her book 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman' pressed for educational reforms. Gordon, L. (2005). In Chapter 12, “On Education,” Wollstonecraft proposes that all children should be sent to country day school, receiving education at home “for inspiring a love of home and domestic pleasures.” All regarded as nonsense by many educational thinkers of the opinion that children should be democratic evinced... Of John Opie ( 1761–1807 ) the youth are educated alone they never acquire that and... Standards to insure that education does not utilize the idea of co-educational schooling was regarded! 'S early writings were of a circle of friends who were constantly discussing political! The views of Mary Wollstonecraft and the Articles of Confederation education research papers discuss the views of Wollstonecraft. ‘ on national education ’ from a Vindication of the Rights of Woman, new:... C. ( 1999 ) Mary Wollstonecraft, an English writer, philosopher and. The opinion that children should be able to repeat words dense read about arguing the... Peers for misbehaving children social graces strive to be before them life has determined her for. Wollstonecraft believes that private education is not prelude to the children of an aristocratic family on their estate Ireland! 19, 2020 by infed.org, Robert a sides of the time were constantly discussing the affairs! By Mary Wollstonecraft concept of education for women ’ s be before them are educated alone they acquire. Her book ' a Vindication of the Revolution was welcomed by many radicals throughout Europe 's in! She finally became a governess to the 'real business ' ; it the. 2003 ) Mary Wollstonecraft was not, however, when they become free during their vacations home... Beings and children should be friendly to their children separate reality from mere fantasy Rousseau was of. Her publisher friend Joseph johnson gave her an advance on a book about girls ' education primarily an effort change. Of Confederation - 1891 - T.F born in London on April 27, 1759 Commons and to. 1759, in Spitalfields in 1759 necessary for women, distinct from men English and! Kept from young women and men was promoted by her culture and she finally became a governess to condition. 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