[6] Two performances are associated with the dedication: Clytemnestra by Accius, and Equos Troianus either by Livius Andronicus or Gnaeus Naevius. This led to the eventual establishment of a theatre district, in the most literal sense.[4]. [8][9] A catalogue complied at the end of the 4th century recorded that the theatre's seating capacity was 22,888 persons. Prior to its construction, permanent stone theatres had been forbidden, and so to side-step this issue, Pompey had the structure built in the Campus Martius, outside of the pomerium, or sacred boundary, that divided the city from the ager Romanus (the territory immediately outside the city). Following Pompey's defeat and subsequent assassination in 48 BC during the Great Roman Civil War (49–45 BC), Caesar used the theatre to celebrate the triumph over Pompey's forces in Africa. In fact, the site was often considered the premiere theatre throughout its entire life. [1][2] Construction began around 61 BC. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}41°53′42″N 12°28′26″E / 41.895°N 12.474°E / 41.895; 12.474, A 3D reconstruction of the Theatre of Pompey, "A Demonstration of the Current Remains of the Theatre of Pompey" (, This identification is preferred over the one as Temple of, "The Roman antiquities, t. 4, Plate XXXVIII. The Senate’s moral guidance felt there were already too many small wooden theaters degenerating the moral turpitude Roman citizens, but Pompey was as shrewd a diplomat as he was a great General. Notable structures that used a similar style are the Theatre of Marcellus and the Theatre of Balbus, both of which can be seen on the marble plan of the city.[34]. The south foundations of the Temple of Venus Victrix photographed by Antonio Colini (c.1933) During the three decades after Baltard, finds from the Theater of Pompey were, with one exception, largely unrecorded, but, in 1865, there was a second large-scale excavation. Temple of Venus. Venus Victrix ("Venus the Victorious") was an aspect of Venus to which Pompey dedicated a temple at the top of his theater in the Campus Martius in 55 BC. [28] The structure may have been a counterpart to the Roman Forum. The Theatre was the site of Caesar's assassination as it was the temporary meeting location of the Roman Senate. [14] And while the theatre itself is no longer discernible, the imprint of the building itself can still be detected; the structure’s semicircular form can today be traced by walking east from the Campo de' Fiori through the Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti. In the spirit of giving back, you are free to share and re-publish any of my content. The 44 Egyptian granite columns in the courtyard of the Cancelleria also came from the upper levels of the Theater cavea (horseshoe). for a specific festival) and then taken down. [17], Another etching, entitled "The Remains of the Theatre of Pompey", shows a more artistic view of the structure. [10], After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476 , the Theatre of Pompey remained in use and when the city of Rome came under the dominion of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, the structure was once again renovated between AD 507–511 . Plutarch notes Pompey's fear of Caesar's superior claim to the goddess: "he feared lest the race of Caesar, which went back to Venus, was to receive glory and splendour through him" (Pompey 68.2). There are still remains of the Temple walls at one end of the Campo dei Fiori, where the via del Biscione and the via dei Gubbonari flow into the square. Long arcades exhibiting collections of paintings and sculpture as well as a large space suitable for holding public gatherings and meetings made the facility an attraction to Romans for many reasons. The entrance to the theatre complex was tightly controlled at either side of the Curia of Pompey.This was to guide the visitor's sight directly along the inner garden area to the main doorway (regia) to the stage of the theatre and up to the temple of Venus Victrix. The theatre was crowned with a temple to Venus Victrix, Pompey's personal deity (compared to Julius Caesar's worship of Venus Genetrix as his personal deity). Her "original powers seem to have been extended largely by the fondness of the Romans for folk-etymology, and by the prevalence of the religious idea nomen-omen which sanctioned any identifications made in this way." Being located near the Tiber, the building was also regularly flooded which caused further damage. The first, entitled "A Demonstration of the Current Remains of the Theatre of Pompey" (Dimonstrazione del Odierno Avanzo del Teatro di Pompeo), illustrates, from both a top-down and a cross-section perspective, a view of the ruins. [11] However, this renovation would be its last. Rome was not build in one day... could you do it with this model? By the mid-twelfth century, at least two sources still identified the Theater by its ancient name, while another cities it only as the “Temple of Cneus (sic) Pompey,” a possible reference to the remains of the Temple of Venus Victrix which was incorporated into the current Palazzo Pio on Piazza Biscione. The scholar Marcus Terentius Varro, who lived from 116 to 27 B.C., records that Venus was not mentioned in the oldest Roman records. [26], Rome had no permanent theatres within the city walls until this one. The "Dart Aphrodite": a New Replica of the "Arles Aphrodite Type", the Cult Image of Venus Victrix in Pompey's Theater at Rome, and Venusian Ideology and Politics in the Late Republic-Early Principate. The theater served not only to fuel Pompey's ego, but it also provided a multitude of benefits for the public as well. The Lunetta is the second oldest hotel in Rome and goes back to 1368 when it was the Albergo della Roma. However, much of the height of the building had long ago been stripped away. However, Gellius preserves a letter by Cicero's freedman, Tiro that dates the dedication to 52 BC. The Theater under the Hotel Lunetta is now a tranquil post spa relaxation area. Completed in 55 BC, it was the first permanent theatre to be built in Rome. The largest intact sections of the theatre are found in the Palazzo della Cancelleria, which used much of the bone-coloured travertine for its exterior from the theatre. They were getting a bit jealous of Pompey’s celebrity and a little concerned over his many promises. The theatre was inspired by Pompey's visit in 62 BC to a Greek theatre in Mytilene. [35] It was later rebuilt into a church, whose apse is still present. Some of the statues are still in Rome. The curve of the Piazza might seem out of place in the midst of the linear streets and urban grid but it’s not out of place at all. Two statues of Satyrs with horns were once used as ‘telamons’ (architectural supports of overhead beams) in Pompey’s Theater. It’s the only party you can see. Walk along the Piazza di Grotta Pinta. This illustration, facing the south-east, postulates that the remaining ima cavea was split on the Western side, where the ancient stairs to the Temple of Venus would have been located. Melpomene, the Muse of Greek Tragedy, was taken from the Vatican Museum in 1803 by Napoleon. Cinque Terre, Sestre Levante and Portovenere, Emila-Romagna: Bologna, Modena, Parma, Ferrara, Ravenna, Rimini, Campania: Naples, Pompeii and the Amalfi Coast, Catalonia: Barcelona, Costa Brava, Tarragona, Cantabria: Altamira and the prehistoric caves, Castile-La Mancha: Toledo, La Mancha, Cuenca, Andalusia: Granada, Cordoba, Ronda, Seville, Costa del Sol, Another one of the Talking Statues of Rome, Ancient water and the Park of the Aqueducts, Pausylipon: Imperial Villa, ancient tunnels and eels, Finding Pompey’s Theater in the Campo Marzio, Nero’s Golden Palace is Open (Again) – 2014, The curious tale of the Laocoön and his sons, 2006 – Rome; Christmas, Zampognari and Santo Bambino, The Life and Death of Via dei Fori Imperiali: 1932-2015, Protect yourselves against Con Artists, Pickpockets and Thieves of Rome, Eating well in Italy (the more you know, the less you pay), 2013-Rome; A day in the life of a great city, Cucina Romana – the tradition of eating in Rome, ‘Sampietrini’ – The streets of Rome, Ancient Greece in Sicily – Akragas (Agrigento), Ancient Greece in Sicily – Segesta vs. Selinunte, Ancient Greece in Sicily – The rise of Syracuse, Provence – The Roman Province along the via Domitia, Provence – The Roman Province along the via Agrippa, Provence – The Roman Province along the via Julia, Verona: Ancient Rome, Medieval Warlords and Romeo and Juliet tourism, 2013-Thessaloniki, Byzantine city on the Gulf of Salonica, 2010 – Rome, Tivoli, Tarquinia and Centrale Montemartini, 2007 – Ephesus and the Aegean Coast of Turkey, 2006 – Western Sicily; Palermo and the ruins of Magna Grecia, 2003 – Sicily; Mt Etna, i Ciclopi, Piazza Armerina, Enna, Siracusa, Taormina, 2000 – Pompeii and Sorrento on the Amalfi Coast, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The importance of religion in the political life of Pompey demonstrates how the structure was a victory monument honouring his military achievements and represented his desire for popularity and everlasting fame. As such, the theatre was allowed to deteriorate. 55, Nº. venus victrix, honos et virtus, felicitas in pompey's theatre: The Romans loved a good theatre performance but for the longest time would only show such performances in temporary theatres erected for the purpose (i.e. Not only was the theater dedicated to Venus Victrix, Pompey included a large Temple, a focal point looking down over the Theater complex. Temple B, a circular temple with six columns remaining, was built by Quintus Lutatius Catulus in 101 BC to celebrate his victory over Cimbri; it was Aedes Fortunae Huiusce Diei, a temple devoted to the "Luck of the Current Day". Along the stretch of the covered arcade were rooms dedicated to the exposition of art and other works collected by Pompey during his campaigns. Autores: John Pollini; Localización: Latomus: revue d'études latines, ISSN 0023-8856, Vol. ---Mary Beard--. Theatres and amphitheatres were temporary wooden structures that could be assembled and disassembled quickly. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Other locations to see the ancient walls of the once famous theater are in Ristorante da Pancrazio, where you can dine in the ruins of the ancient theatre or Costanza’s, also built into the outer ring of the cavea of the theater. Pompey, in fact, had himself built a temple to Venus Victrix earlier , as part of his theater complex (where Caesar would fall at the foot of Pompey's statue). Following the destructive Gothic War (535–554) there was no need for a large theatre because the population of Rome had declined drastically. [12], During the Early Middle Ages, the marble covering of the theatre was used as a material to maintain other buildings. [27], Pompey was supposedly inspired to build his theatre from a visit to the Greek theatre of Mytilene on Lesbos. Aside from seeing plays in the main theater, there was a large garden in the back where visitors could buy refreshments and walk around. This archaeological site was excavated by order of Mussolini in the 1920s and 1930s. [13] However, the floor plan of the old theatre was still recognizable. Its ruins are located at Largo di Torre Argentina. She had, however, been worshiped by the Latins since ancient times, and two Latin temples were dedicated to her. Attempts to build permanent stone structures were always halted by political figures or simply did not come to full fruition. He also incorporated four Republican temples from an earlier period in a section called the "Sacred Area" in what is today known as Largo di Torre Argentina. Interestingly, when Pompey dedicated his structure, he did so as if dedicating it to the Temple of Venus Victrix that just happened to have a theater attached 9 Phillips, 93–95; Temelini, 41–42. The entire complex is built directly off the older section which directs the structure's layout. It is not known if the water supply would have been enough to run the waterworks for more than a few hours a day, or if some other supply allowed the fountains to run nearly nonstop. Pompey decorated the porticos with statues of the famous artist and actors of the time and it is possible that the Abate Luigi (named for the Abbot of the Sudario church where he stood for many years) was one of these artists. Over building throughout the centuries has resulted in the surviving ruins of the theatre's main structure becoming incorporated within modern structures. Pompey also had a temple to In 53 BC, the Senate House (Curia) in the Forum burned to the ground when the supporters of the infamous hedonist senator, Clodius Pulcher, lit a funeral pyre inside the building after Clodius was killed by a political gang of thugs led by Titus Milo. [29] The use of public space incorporating temple architecture for personal political ambition was taken from Sulla and those prior to the dictator. By dedicating the theatre to Venus Victrix and building the temple central within the cavea, Pompey made the structure a large shrine to his personal deity. the theatre curve) to an ancestor of the Orsini family. Hence, she was later imported to Rome. The Orsini also rebuilt the Teatro Marcello as a fortress Palazzo. Claudius rededicated the Temple of Venus Victrix; Nero gilded the interior of the temple, and Domitian and Septimius Severus significantly repaired and altered the structure. Regardless, the Theatre of Pompey continued to be the main location for plays, both due to its splendour and its size. Using religious associations and ritual for personal glorification and political propaganda were an attempt to project a public image. All rights by Shocking Blue.Don't forget to suscribe for more music videos. On the opposite end of the garden complex was a curia for political meetings. All performances inside would be dedicated to her protection and glory of Rome. 757-785; Idioma: inglés This area, located behind the stage and within an enclosure, was used by patrons between acts or productions to stroll, purchase refreshments or just to escape to the covered porticoes from the sun or rain. The Temple of Venus -on a panoramic viewpoint overlooking the plain- was built soon after the establishment of Pompeii as a Roman colony. [12][13] By the 12th century, buildings had started to encroach upon the remains; two churches, Santa Barbara and Santa Maria in Grotta Pinta were constructed on the site, with the latter probably having been built over one of the theatre's access corridors. The giant gilded bronze statue of Hercules that once stood inside the Theater is now in the Sala Rotonda of the Vatican Museums. The theatre was seen to be a shrine to Venus (source- Tertullian, Pagan Entertainment ) suggested by the temple of Venus Victrix added to its structure. Albeit, the goddess of love and sex was not barren; she had many children from different gods. [12] In 1140 , one source referred to the ruins as the Theatrum Pompeium, whereas another referred to it as the "temple of Cneus [sic] pompeii". This temple honored a further aspect of Venus: Venus Victrix or “Victorious Venus.” Why did Pompey use this title? In 1296 , the site of the theatre was turned into a fortress by the Orsini. [16] The arches that were left after the theatre’s abandonment even led to the name of the aforementioned Santa Maria di Grotta Pinta (i.e. [18] Piranesi seems to have been basing his drawings largely on what he could imagine, as in the legend for "A Demonstration of the Current Remains of the Theatre of Pompey", he explicitly mentions that these etchings illustrate what the theatre would look like if modern structures were removed from the site (protratta secondo il giro delle moderne fabbriche situate sullo rovine della medesima). Finding Pompey’s Theater in the Campo Marzio – Rome on Rome The beautiful restoration/renovation includes 30 rooms and a beautiful rooftop bar overlooking the city and the Piazza Paradiso. In addition to promoting the image of Venus on coinage, another way in which Pompey showed reverence to the goddess was by building a temple in Rome to Venus Victrix in 55 BC. Canina examined what ruins he could and then combined this information with Vitruvius' famous description of a Roman theatre, thereby producing a working plan of the theatre. Pompey also had a temple to Venus Victrix built near the top of the theatre's seating; Pompey then claimed that he had "not built a theatre, but rather a temple of Venus to which I have added the steps of a theatre". The 15th century Palazzo della Cancellaria (the Papal Chancellery) in the Piazza della Cancelleria near Campo dei Fiori was the first Renaissance style palace constructed in Rome. Lorenzo. Enclosed by the large columned porticos was an expansive garden complex of fountains and statues. The Theatre of Pompey, located in the Campus Martius, featured a temple to the goddess with the title of ‘Venus Victrix’. Octavian restored parts of the complex in 32 BC, and in AD 21  Tiberius initiated a reconstruction of the part of the theatre that had been destroyed by fire which was completed during the reign of Caligula. This site is filled with historical anecdotes, observations and photos. The Superintendent of Archeology in Rome would not allow any structure to attach to the ancient walls and so the Hotel Lunetta suspended a ceiling over the theater walls and attached it to the upper levels of the hotel. The engineering is amazing. Venus Victrix. Piranesi specifically notes that four of the large doors (vomitoria) through which spectators would have entered the complex were still preserved. In 135 AD the Emperor Hadrian inaugurated a temple to Venus Felix (Lucky Venus) and the goddess Roma Aeterna (Eternal Rome) on Rome's Velian Hill. 4, 1996, págs. Pompey the Great's theatre, dedicated in 55 BC on the Campus Martius, included a large temple to Venus Victrix; his rival Julius Caesar vowed and built a temple to Venus in his new-built forum. V… [13] Later in the Middle Ages, the square of Campo de' Fiori was built and the remaining parts of the theatre were quarried to supply stone for many newer buildings which still exist in modern Rome. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Temple A was built in the 3rd century BC, and is probably the Temple of Juturna built by Gaius Lutatius Catulus after his victory against the Carthaginians in 241 BC. His theater, he explained, was actually a gift to his patron goddess, Venus Victrix (Victorious Venus) who had made Rome victorious. After the fire of 80 AD, this temple was restored, and the white and black mosaic of the inner temple cell dates back to this restoration. A temple dedicated to the goddess Venus Victrix faced opposite the stage, as if to protect it. [28][29] Julius Caesar would come to copy Pompey's use of the spoils of war to illustrate and glorify his own triumphs when building his forum which in turn would be copied by emperors. Lavish fountains were fed by water purchased from a nearby aqueduct and stored. [21], The Porticus Pompei contained statues of great artists and actors. Temple C is the most ancient of the four, dating back to the 4th or 3rd century BC, and was probably devoted to Feronia, the ancient Italic goddess of fertility. [24] Vaults from the original theatre can be found in the cellar rooms of restaurants off this street, as well as in the walls of the hotel Albergo Sole al Biscione. I've loved traveling all over the world and learning about and sharing in the local cultures. The large red and grey columns used in its courtyard are from the porticoes of the theatre's upper covered seating; however, they were originally taken from the theatre to build the old Basilica of S. The Senate could not refuse. [4], For forty years, the theatre was the only permanent theatre located in Rome, until Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger constructed one in 13 BC in the Campus Martius. With Mars, she gave birth to Timor (Phobos) the personific… Pompey would be pleased to know that his theater lasted for centuries , continuing to operate until the first half of the fourth century . Later in 1837, Victoire Baltard used Canina's work, as well as information gleaned from the Forma Urbis to construct a more refined plan. Pompey paid for this theatre to gain political popularity during his second consulship. Much of what was discovered ended up in the Centrale Montemartini Museum, a great mixture of 20th century electric power machinery and ancient Roman statues. 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