sierra leone conflict trap

Author Summary Lassa fever (LF) is a major public health threat in West Africa. Conflict resolutions are set to bring peace and stability, especially when it comes to ending a war, as exemplified in the case of Sierra Leone. Another stick ( kככsa ) is laid horizontally at the bottom of the trap. One of conflict that have cases of child soldier is civil war conflict in Sierra Leone where this phenomenon attracted the attention of the world community. Collier’s quantitative approach cannot make a distinction between the two, and hence cannot meaningfully refute claims to grievance. 2014. Sierra Leone (III.) The Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL) is committed to the on-going protection and Fig. After the violent civil conflict in Sierra Leone (1991 to 2002) ended, the LF research program at Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) was reestablished. These can be summarised as follows: A desire to promote a “return to normalcy” or “return to peace” by “rebuilding” the country is conceptually and factually misplaced. One of the primary economic activities in Sierra Leone is mining of its large diamond deposits that are a major source of hard currency. This can be understood to also be a conflict-trap-like process, expanding our understanding of the trap. Disarmament and rehabilitation of ex-combatants was officially completed in 2004, and UN peacekeepers withdrew in December 2005. Since the end of the war, the government of Sierra Leone has undergone the arduous task of rebuilding the country’s physical and … According to the World Bank, as of 2011, 52.9% of the population was living below the poverty line, and Sierra Leone’s GNI per capita in 2015 was $620. Sierra Leone (/ s i ˌ ɛr ə l i ˈ oʊ n (i)/ (), also UK: / s i ˌ ɛər ə-/, US: / ˌ s ɪər ə-/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa.It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast. Higher CFRs in LF patients were observed compared to studies conducted prior to the civil conflict. This causality is substantiated through Collier’s explanation for the causes of civil war. Is the Conflict trap inevitable? To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! ), as well as of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (part B. Sierra Leone and Liberia are West African countries situated next to one another on the coast. Sierra Leone Khadija Alia Bah, Conciliation Resources, 1997 More than six years of war and general insecurity have devastated rural Sierra Leone, particularly the southeastern part of the country, where the conflict has been the most severe. IAJ 10-1 (2019) pdf A vicious 10-year civil conflict which ended in 2002 resulted in large numbers of internally displaced people, adding to the degradation and increased human pressure on important ecosystems. Fig 1. Lacina, Bethany and Gleditsch, Peter. 6. VAT Registration No: 842417633. The Conflict Trap can be synthesized with other theories and extended through an expansion of the definition of ‘rebellion-specific capital’. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 80 children formerly associated with Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front, this paper explores children’s experiences of violence during the armed conflict, traces the realities that children faced in the aftermath of the war, and examines the ways in which participants attempted to cope with the war’s profound after-effects. 2005. Sierra Leone’s Refugee All Stars started playing music together in West African refugee camps while their homeland was being racked by years of bloody warfare. His most up-to-date conclusion (as of 2008) is that feasibility is the most credible factor, alongside greed and grievance. Charlotte, Attwood. Internationally, war in Sierra Leone (1991-2002) is regarded as an instance of violent conflict driven by economic factors (attempts to control the mining of alluvial diamonds). External intervention, however, has its flaws. Let us place Collier’s Trap within his larger body of work. Some examples Collier provides as Grievance are “ethnic hatred, political repression, political exclusion and economic inequality.” (Collier 2001) Collier is sceptical of the explanatory power of (his self-ideated) Grievance. 2010. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. Accountability for violations of international humanitarian law for conflicts such as that experienced by Sierra Leone requires more than one avenue; even the formal institutions established for this purpose – the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court – can only do so much. Public elections were violent and unsafe, and the educational system beg… We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. However, whether Collier’s explanation for how material conditions affect the probability of incidence of civil war is effective, however, does not detract from the claim that they do, and hence do not weaken the veracity of the conflict trap. The criteria used for defining the stages of LF and … Additionally, examining how the social processes of war lead to ripe conditions for war could be fruitful. This includes weapons and ammunition, as well as trained military age veterans and natural resources. The criteria used for defining the stages of LF and … Sierra Leone is in the grip of an internal armed conflict which broke out in March 1991 when an opposition group known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) was formed as an armed resistance movement and launched an invasion from neighbouring Liberia with a view to occupying part of the southern and eastern regions of the country. History has shown that this method has led to many peace agreements that were either effective or ineffective. “Beyond greed and grievance: feasibility and civil war.”, Harbom, Lotta and Peter Wallensteen. Consider the correlation between GDP per capita and the incidence of war, which Collier finds (2004). Examining the latter, he frames motivations for non-state actors within a dichotomy of “Greed and Grievance.” (Collier and Hoeffler 2004) While neither is formally defined, they can be summarized as, respectively, an opportunistic profit-oriented motive, and a response to perceived injustice. Sierra Leone is just one of a growing number of countries that has experienced the current globally popular tool of conflict resolution, the multi-party election. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. This is especially pertinent as growth is “more sensitive to policy during the first decade post-conflict.” (Collier 2003) But how does a government just ‘become good’? (Collier and Hoeffler 2004) Is his dismissal of grievance valid? The near total-collapse of rural social structures and the fear of extreme violence drove a large Stay on top of Sierra Leone latest developments on the ground with Al Jazeera’s fact-based news, exclusive video footage, photos and updated maps. (Klare 2000) Soon after the ratification of the Process in 2000, two rebel groups in Sierra Leone and Angola which relied on diamonds were defeated. 2011. All work is written to order. Hegre, Håvard. While this perhaps over-estimated the potential impact of the Court, survivors do need assurance that impunity for sexual and gender-based violence is a thing of the past. Breaking the Conflict Trap explores viable international measures that can be taken to reduce the global incidence of civil war and proposes a practical agenda for action. Beyond its core mandate, the Court set its sights high in aiming to contribute to the restoration of the rule of law in Sierra Leone (President of the Special Court for Sierra Leone 2006). Sierra Leone possesses substantial mineral, agricultural and marine resources, but it has been struggling with economic recovery after the civil war, and particularly since the Ebola crisis… Read the full article. Thus, this paper hypothesizes that the Sierra Leone peace agreements from 1996 to 1999, was unsuccessful because 1) the SLPP government failed to understand the divergence amongst the rebels in Sierra Leone, 2) RUF rebel leader Foday Sankoh had a heterogeneous agenda, and 3) Sierra Leone government soldiers were double-crossing the SLPP government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. The report released by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Sierra Leone concluded that "it was years of bad governance, endemic corruption and the denial of basic human rights that created the deplorable conditions that made conflict inevitable. Thus, it hopes to demonstrate two main things. 18 The Mendes of the southeast constitute the largest ethnic group accounting for some 30% of the population of Sierra Leone and traditionally provide the bulk of support for the Sierra Leone People's Party, the country's oldest political organisation, which had been in the political wilderness since the 1967 elections. His first notable publication “On the Economic Causes of Civil War,” (1998) investigated the economic causes of civil war. “The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks.”. While life expectancy has increased from 39 years in 2000 to 48 years in 2012, around 60% of the population lives below the national poverty line. The Conflict Mapping Program deliberately took a wide approach: chronologically, it covers the whole period of the conflict and substantively, it covers all violations of humanitarian law, irrespective of whether they are subject to the jurisdiction of Sierra Leone courts or of the Special Court. The Kamajors had distinguished themselves in 1994 in a series of encounters around Bo … Suffering from a weakened economy, and corruption, the governments underpaid and poorly trained army could not effectively respond. 1 Guinean forests of West Africa Beginning in March 1991, driven by the desire to overthrow the current government, oust corrupt politicians, and redistribute the resources of Sierra Leone, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), a small band of well-armed and funded guerrilla rebels, rushed into villages in the eastern countryside and quickly gained territory. Cross-border conflict activity between Liberia and Sierra Leone peaked in 2001, coinciding with a sudden increase in violent events in Liberia, though violent incidents in Sierra Leone were declining year-on-year at this point (see Graph 3). In class, we have viewed two films representing the problems with child soldiers in Sierra Leone which include films titled Blood. Sierra Leone - Sierra Leone - Civil war: The difficulties in the country were compounded in March 1991 when conflict in neighbouring Liberia spilled over the border into Sierra Leone. [1] The Conflict Trap exists within Collier’s framework of general causes of civil war. ). Print Resources Keen, David (2005) Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone… • In Kenya, a constitutional referendum went ahead in 2010 without violence—a significant step forward from the devastating clashes that had followed the December 2007 elections. The war began on March 23, 1991, when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under Foday Sankoh, with support of Liberian rebel leader Charles Taylor and his group, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NFPL), attempted to overthrow the government of Sierra Leonean President … The Commission has divided the Sierra Leone conflict into three phases.2 This chapter begins by examining the pre-conflict years with a view to setting the context for the conflict. Interagency Approaches to Prevent the Reoccurrence of Conflict in Sierra Leone PDF. “Armed Conflicts, 1946–2009.”, Hegre, Håvard and Sambanis, Nicholas. Hegre, Håvard et al. The peace agreement and subsequent political developments failed to acknowledge and address the root causes of conflict in Sierra Leone as laid out above. Index. Second, to demonstrate that all such crimes are worthy of an account, from the harassment of one person in a remote village, obliged to give all he owns to an invading force, to the systematic killing of hundreds or thousands of people. Cross-border conflict activity between Liberia and Sierra Leone peaked in 2001, coinciding with a sudden increase in violent events in Liberia, though violent incidents in Sierra Leone were declining year-on-year at this point (see Graph 3). The … While gaps were found in its conception, synthesis with competing theories allows it to describe reality with greater nuance. The Conflict Mapping Program deliberately took a wide approach: chronologically, it covers the whole period of the conflict and substantively, it covers all violations of humanitarian law, irrespective of whether they are subject to the jurisdiction of Sierra Leone courts or of the Special Court. 2000. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Rape of women and girls was widespread and systematic during Sierra Leone's conflict through most of the 1990s, and is reportedly continuing on a smaller scale in areas still controlled by rebels in the north and east of the country. Thus, it hopes to demonstrate two main things. Many actors, along with the diamond trade, played vital parts in making the war carry on for a decade. The removal of a key resource “substantially altered” the conflict dynamic. A more productive approach might be to examine how grievances are socially constructed. After the violent civil conflict in Sierra Leone (1991 to 2002) ended, the LF research program at Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) was reestablished. Sierra Leone gained its independence from the UK in 1961 and the following years were marked by significant government corruption, inefficiency, and overall failure. His work on the link between resource predation and civil war through the World Bank played an important role in spurring the UN resolution to regulate ‘blood diamonds.’ (Klare, 2001) This essay will explore Collier’s conception of the Trap, particularly examining how he frames it through the lens of Greed and Grievance. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.”, Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke and Söderbom, Måns. (2003) The Process breaks the conflict trap by removing rebels’ access to capital (which they gained through war). (Barnett and Finnemore 2004) The UN was bound to withdraw its armed peacekeepers at the outbreak of war. 2009. But Sierra Leone Trade Unions have come a long way in their mission to represent the voice of the people, and as an agent for conflict resolution in their country. Viewing ‘identity capital’ (Aspinall 2007) as a form of rebellion-specific capital allows the conflict trap to work within a wider range of frameworks. Sierra Leone has been a nation plagued with civil wars and poverty since gaining independence in 1961. 2007. The conflict trap merely outlines the causal link between civil wars, the material conditions they create, and further war. *You can also browse our support articles here >, Aspinall, Edward. The p ε ŋga is then inserted with the top in front of the kaŋgai but behind the kככsa , under tension so that when the k ככ sa is pushed down the p … Would this indicate a grievance, because rebels want a better government, or greed, because this provides an opportunity for an easy takeover? Origin. Collier is no armchair academic. 2008. Internal conflict crippled the country from the late 1980s onward, culminating in a brutal civil war that took place from 1991 to 2002. Sierra Leone: “Conflict” Diamonds Progress Report on Diamond Policy and Development Program March 30, 2001 Introduction The link between diamonds and armed conflict in Sierra Leone is obvious, and has been exposed, investigated, and deplored by humanitarians, journalists, politicians, and … The government has appealed to Kukuna residents — estimated to be about 50,000 — not take the law into their hands. 2006. 2012. We find that while there are gaps in his explanation of civil war, the Trap still holds up, and can be expanded upon through synthesis with competing theories. SCSL-04-14-T. No Peace Without Justice non‑profit organisation founded by Emma Bonino and born of a 1993 campaign of the Transnational Radical Party that works for the protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, the rule of law and international justice, and undertakes its work within the following main thematic programs: the international criminal justice program; the program on gender and human rights, with particular reference to the ban on Female Genital Mutilation; the Middle East and North Africa Democracy program; the campaign against human and environmental devastation in the Amazon. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. (Atwood, 2014) External intervention is inherently limited because international organizations must strike a balance between intervention and upholding sovereignty. Suppose a strong democratic government is absent from a country. NPWJ's Conflict Mapping Report hopes to contribute to the accountability process, to the strengthening of the rule of law and to sustainable peace by adding to the historical record of what happened during the long years of the conflict. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? In his analysis of the 2000 Fijian coup, he quips that “Fiji for the Fijians” was a less convincing rallying cry than “give the mahogany contract to the Americans”. By allowing the local governments to ultimately execute these policies, advisors circumvent the issue of sovereignty. These are created during conflict and remain in a country even after its end. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. His extensive work on civil war and development spans roughly 10 years and has evolved considerably. Prior to the civil war in 1990, Sierra Leone's life expectancy was even lower than it is today. “Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy,” unpublished paper, World Bank. Both international intervention and good local governance are found to be possible solutions, but local governance emerges as the more effective approach. is indeed in the unprecedented situation of having made the choice of an internationalized Court given with the mandate of judging the 'most responsible ones', the Special Court for Sierra Leone (part A. On 12 June 2000, Sierra Leone's President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wrote a letter to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan asking the international community to try those responsible for crimes during the conflict. The aim of this study is to make a comparative analysis of the effectiveness and the efficiency in the efforts undertaken by ECOWAS and the UN during the civil war in Sierra Leone, through using theories on conflict resolution and the advantages of regional organizations in conflict resolution. The devastating eleven-year armed conflict in Sierra Leone was characterized by extreme brutality and widespread human rights abuses against civilians. With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. The conflict trap accurately describes reality. To overcome the trap, both international intervention and good local governance are found to be effective, though the former has significant limitations. The civil war in Sierra Leone was a very complicated conflict, both in its origin as well as in its realization. The war began on March 23, 1991, when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under Foday Sankoh, with support of Liberian rebel leader Charles Taylor and his group, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NFPL), attempted to overthrow the government of Sierra Leonean President Joseph … We wish Salimatu and Alieu the best of luck with their studies at Ruskin College, and look forward to catching up with them again soon. UNDP assists local governments develop productive policies and can thus break the conflict trap. We have examined Collier’s conflict trap, contextualized its place within his academic canon, and analysed its explanatory power alongside competing theories. The Sierra Leone war, which officially started on March 23, 1991 and ended on January 18, 2002, gained notoriety around the world for its brutality and the commission of some of the worst atrocities against civilians ever witnessed in a contemporary conflict. African tribes. The existence of an “identity-based collective action frame” has been found to be an important factor in the genesis of conflict. The trap is placed across a “kpee”, a path used by animals. Thus, it hopes to demonstrate two main things. 2004 The Conflict Mapping Program deliberately took a wide approach: chronologically, it covers the whole period of the conflict and substantively, it covers all violations of humanitarian law, irrespective of whether they are subject to the jurisdiction of Sierra Leone courts or of the Special Court. This book will also be of Another alternative is good local governance. Although the Civil War of Sierra Leone did not officially begin until 1991, several events occurred in the decades leading up to the 90’s that ultimately pushed the country into violent conflict. In addition, the line between what constitutes greed and grievance is not meaningfully drawn. With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. The devastating eleven-year armed conflict in Sierra Leone was characterized by extreme brutality and widespread human rights abuses against civilians. “Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset.”. “Civil Conflict and Development.” Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO. Even when the preconditions for civil war were glaringly evident, the UN was devoid of power to intervene in Rwanda, in 1993. The Mechanics of the Conflict Trap. The Sierra Leone Civil War was an armed conflict in the West African country of Sierra Leone from 1991 t0 2002. (Collier, Hoeffler and Soderbom 2008). There is substantial evidence that this is the case. The … Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. This system was crucial to delivering Sierra Leone’s first ever peaceful political transitions in 2007 and the peace held in the 2012 elections. The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) was a civil war in Sierra Leone that began on 23 March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), with support from the special forces of Charles Taylor’s National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), intervened in Sierra Leone in an attempt to overthrow the Joseph Momoh government. But the Trap articulates more than correlation; it demands causality. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. The Causes of Conflict in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone Civil War was an armed conflict in the West African country of Sierra Leone from 1991 t0 2002. International Relations. Decision on Prosecution’s Request to Admit Into Evidence Certain Documents Pursuant to Rules 92bis and 89(C), campaign against human and environmental devastation in the Amazon. Good local governance coupled with international expertise emerges as the best way forward. The data presented challenges the widely canvassed notion of the Sierra Leone conflict as a war motivated by 'greed, not grievance'. A rebel might take up arms because she has a legitimate grievance with poor economic conditions, or because she simply can make more money fighting than farming. POST-CONFLICT ACTION & MICROFINANCE A POST- ONFLICT ANALYSIS:: WWW.SPANDA.ORG 1 ~ A POST-CONFLICT ANALYSIS 1.1 ~ INTRODUCTION HIS RESEARCH PAPER AIMS TO POSTULATE A BRIEF YET COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT SITUATION IN SIERRA LEONE, SHEDDING LIGHT on the causes of the civil war that ravaged the country from 1991 to 2002 and providing a … “On the Duration of Civil War.”, Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, Rohner, Dominic. “On the Economic Consequences of Civil War.”. This method of endeavouring to put a final cap on a peace process has a mixed record in Africa. After a member of a previous government, Charles Taylor, came back to Liberia to topple the current government in the early 1990s, a civil war started in Liberia that spilled over the border into Sierra Leone. Campaigning for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, Democracy, the Rule of Law and International Justice, Accountability exists in many forms and at many levels; NPWJ's Conflict Mapping Program in Sierra Leone focused on accountability for the violation of the laws of war in the belief that it is only by holding responsible those who violate those laws can there be deterrence for future would-be perpetrators. Sierra Leone were declining year-on-year at this point Graph 2: Timeline of conflict events in sierra Leone (1997–2011) ECoMoG quickly toppled the AFRC/RUF junta in Freetown in 1997. Countries that predominantly import goods from Sierra Leone include Belgium, the United States, and India. Meanwhile, aid for the rebels continued coming from … Represented by UNICEF an organization under the United Nations that got a mandate to promote … Organizations like the UNDP present a good solution. (Collier 2007) More pointedly, he concludes that grievances of actors are “substantially disconnected” from the larger grievances of inequality, political rights, and ethnic rights. (Collier and Hoeffler 2004, 569) Civil war damages the organizational capital of the state, as well as erodes faith in democratic institutions. Collier’s trap is well substantiated in this regard. This file has been admitted as evidence to the Special Court, pursuant to Trial Chamber I’s “Decision on Prosecution’s Request to Admit Into Evidence Certain Documents Pursuant to Rules 92bis and 89(C)”, of 14 July 2005, in Prosecutor v Sam Hinga Norman, Moinina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa, Case No. The later “On the Economic Causes of Civil War” (2004) refined this by broadly categorizing causes into greed and grievance. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. ‘Rebellion-Specific’ capital refers to resources useful to rebellion. Even if they were to follow Collier’s guidelines of implementing inclusive social policy, a country does not become inclusive by wishing it so. He posits that the outbreak of war is caused by a combination of feasibility and motivation. A much-praised example of international intervention is the inception of the Kimberley Process, a UN-initiated certification scheme to verify diamonds as conflict-free. (Aspinall, 2007) Aspinall’s work on Aceh, Indonesia demonstrates that grievances are socially constructed. In formal terms, the conflict trap is when the “long-term risk of conflict in a country or region increases considerably after the first conflict onset.” (Hegre 2012) For the Conflict Trap to hold weight, its fundamental premise must be true: that conflict begets conflict. It should be noted that Collier played a significant role in the ratification of the process through his role at the World Bank. They must first be identified and articulated. (Klare 2000). [56] Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Wood (2004) explored how the social processes of war can lead to further violence. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Sexual violence within the Sierra Leonean conflict is not only a war crime, but - given its widespread and systematic nature - is also a crime against humanity. It will then proceed to place the Trap within Collier’s oeuvre, and critically analyse its explanatory power with regard to civil war, comparing how Collier’s conception fares against seminal civil war theorists. ‘Rwanda genocide: UN ashamed, says Ban Ki-moon,’ BBC News, Kigali, 14 April. Intervention is inherently tied to the interests of the intervening state(s), and thus not a reliable or dependable long-term solution to the conflict trap. “The Construction of Grievance.”, Collier, Paul. By removing the factors that contribute to war (which were in turn created by war), intervention can prevent further war from breaking out. [2] (2003) The Process breaks the conflict trap by removing rebels’ access to capital (which they gained through war). The dichotomy between Greed and Grievance is ultimately a meaningless one. Looking for a flexible role? There are two main approaches to overcome it: external intervention and fostering domestic good government. It is estimated that the probability of re-incidence of civil war within 12 years is approximately 40%. Sierra Leone; and • efforts that can be made to help Sierra Leone reconcile with its past, including the prospect of a reparations programme and the development of a National Vision for Sierra Leone. Despite Sierra Leone’s important progress in consolidating peace and strengthening democracy since the end of the conflict in 2002, it places low in the human development category, ranking 180 th out of 187 countries and territories. Momoh responded by deploying troops to the border region to repel the incursion of Liberian rebels known as the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), led by Charles Taylor. The conflict in Sierra Leone dates back to March 1991 when the RUF launched an offensive against the government headed by Joseph Momoh. In making its findings and preparing its Report, the Commission took into account information gathered through a variety of means. (2003) In addition, a focus on good economic policy can restore growth and hence break the conflict trap. Collier’s findings are corroborated by other studies. Download the complete edition. Sunday, January 10, 1999 Published at 11:40 GMT World: Africa New threat in Sierra Leone conflict Ecomog troops are on the offensive Several hundred more Nigerian troops have arrived in Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, as rebels threaten to set fire to the city. More productive approach might be to examine how grievances are socially constructed can not make a distinction between two! Military spending increases the risk of conflict in Sierra Leone as laid out above you may have outbreak! To be about 50,000 — not take the law into their hands pages ) Published. Band and their Implications for policy, ” ( 2004 ) refined this by broadly categorizing causes greed... Material conditions they create, and India, Harbom, Lotta and Peter Wallensteen war is caused by a of... The risk of conflict re-occurrence while a focus on inclusive social policies reduces the risk while awaiting trial to an. Most up-to-date conclusion ( as of 2008 ) is committed to the protection... 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